Amygdalin Powder

What is amygdalin?

Bitter almonds are the mature seeds of Prunus armeniaca ansu, which contain a cyanide (-CN)-containing glycoside - Amygdalin Powder. The content of Amygdalin in bitter almonds is 20-30 times that of sweet almonds. It is a series of toxic reactions caused by the release of hydrocyanic acid through the action of enzymes and acids in the digestive tract, which is absorbed into the blood through the mucosa. Hydrocyanic acid is a protoplasmic poison. Cyanide ions can combine with iron in cytochrome oxidase, leading to the inactivation of respiratory enzymes, obstacles to the use of oxygen by tissue cells, and tissue hypoxia and suffocation. Amygdalin is a common cyanogenic glycoside and an active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine bitter almond. It is a derivative of β-hydroxynitrile. It has become a commonly used expectorant, antitussive and auxiliary anti-cancer drug in medicine. Amygdalin is widely found in the seeds of loquat, apricot, peach, green plum, bayberry and other plants.

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Amygdalin Powder Solubility in Water:

Amygdalin is composed of two molecules of glucose and one molecule of amygdalin. Its molecular formula is C20H27O11N, and its molecular structure is as follows: The trihydrate of amygdalin is an orthorhombic columnar crystal (water) with a melting point of 200°C, and the anhydrate has a melting point of about 220°C. 1g can be dissolved in 12mL water, 900mL ethanol or 11mL boiling ethanol. It is easily soluble in boiling water and almost insoluble in ether.

FUNCTIONS OF AMYGDALIN?

1. Cardiovascular effects of amygdalin
   Amygdalin powder can reduce serum total cholesterol, serum triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in experimental mice, and can effectively induce Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells, enhance phagocytosis of macrophages, promote cell apoptosis, and reduce plaque area. and plaque coverage, increase the effective lumen area, and inhibit the compensatory increase in lumen, suggesting that amygdalin has a certain anti-atherosclerotic effect.

2. Effects of amygdalin on the digestive system
   1) Anti-gastric ulcer: Amygdalin administered intragastrically at 20 and 40 mg/kg can inhibit restraint-freezing stress gastric ulcer in mice; all 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg groups can promote acetic acid cauterization ulcer in rats. Healing; the 10 and 20 mg/kg groups can reduce the ulcer area of gastric ulcers caused by pyloric ligation, suggesting that amygdalin has a good anti-ulcer effect.
   Liver fibrosis: Amygdalin can inhibit the formation of type I and III collagen, thereby effectively slowing down the process of pulmonary fibrosis in experimental rats, suggesting that this drug may be used to prevent and treat human pulmonary fibrosis.

3. Effects of amygdalin on the urinary system
   The degree of renal fibrosis in the amygdalin group was significantly lower than that in the unilateral ureteral obstruction group at 21 days, with the 3 mg/d treatment group reducing it by 35% and the 5 mg/d treatment group reducing it by 28%. It shows that amygdalin can significantly reduce the degree of renal pathological damage and delay the process of renal interstitial fibrosis, further proving that amygdalin has anti-fibrotic effects;

4. Effects of amygdalin on the immune system
   1) Administration of amygdalin 20 mg/kg by intragastric administration for 6 consecutive weeks has the best effect on chronic immune atrophic gastritis in rats. The total acidity of gastric juice in each dose group decreased and the pepsin activity increased; the concentrations are 10 and 20 mg/ kg, for 1 week, it can significantly inhibit the swelling of the paws after inflammation in rats; at a concentration of 40 mg/kg, for 1 week, it can significantly increase the K and A of the experiment.
   2) Immunosuppression: Amygdalin can exert an immunosuppressive effect by directly inhibiting the proliferation of immune cells in kidney transplant rats, but its specific mechanism of action still needs to be studied in depth.

5. Anti-tumor effects of amygdalin
   Amygdalin at 1.25-10g/L was applied to bladder cancer cells (UMUC-3, RT112, TCCSUP) three times a week. After 2 weeks, it was found that amygdalin dose-dependently inhibited the growth and reproduction of tumor cells and caused them to stagnate. In the G0/G1 phase, the best effect is at 10 g/L. Under the action of amygdalin at a dose of 10 g/L, the attachment and migration abilities of UMUC-3 and RT112 were significantly reduced, but the migration ability of TCCSUP was increased, suggesting that amygdalin can regulate integrin β1 or β4, thereby affecting the bladder. The effects of cancer cell attachment and migration depend on cell type.

6. Effects of amygdalin on the respiratory system
   1) Antitussive effect: The bronchial smooth muscle cells BSMC were stably obtained by enzymatic digestion method, subcultured in DMEM-F12 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, and treated with different concentrations of amygdalin. The cells began to show inhibition after 24 hours. , showing a concentration dependence in the range of 0.022 to 0.704 g/L. The inhibition rate is the strongest at a concentration of 0.704 mmol/L, which can reach 50%.
   2) Anti-asthmatic effect: Bitter almond, platycodon and their combination can significantly prolong the incubation period of guinea pig asthma induced by acetylcholine and histamine phosphate, significantly reduce the number of inflammatory cells in the guinea pig asthma model induced by ovalbumin, and inhibit systolic mediators and inflammatory mediators. As the factor level increases, the optimal compatibility ratio of the two is 1:2.
   3) Prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Amygdalin promotes the proliferation of AECⅡ cells in premature rats in a dose-dependent manner when the concentration is 50-200 mol/L. When the concentration is 200 mol/L, its effect is strongest, and when the concentration is 400 mol/L, it shows the opposite effect. The inhibitory effect suggests that amygdalin in appropriate dosage forms may become an effective drug in the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

7. Other effects of amygdalin
   1) Analgesic effect
   Studies have confirmed through the mouse hot plate method and acetic acid writhing method that amygdalin has no substitution effect on the withdrawal symptoms that occur in morphine-addicted rats after sudden drug withdrawal, indicating that the analgesic effects of amygdalin and morphine are different.
   2) Anti-inflammatory effect: mice were treated with amygdalin at concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/L. BV2 glial cells, and its effect on the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide LPS was observed 24 hours later. It was found that at a concentration of 1g/L, amygdalin could significantly inhibit cell growth and show significant cytotoxicity. It is speculated that its anti- The mechanism of inflammation is related to the down-regulation of the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible carbon monoxide synthase, which in turn affects the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and the production of nitric oxide.
   3) Delay intervertebral disc degeneration
   Cartilage endplates were isolated from intervertebral discs of 1-month-old SD rats and cultured. The effects of amygdalin powder on IL-1β-induced rat intervertebral disc cartilage at concentrations of 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, and 10-5 mol/L were observed. Endplate cell apoptosis antagonism, the results confirmed that the 10-4mol/L group had the most obvious antagonism, and it is speculated that this effect may be related to the regulation of the expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax and Bcl-2 proteins.

   
   

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